The duration of a journey between Tokyo and Chicago by air is a common query for travelers. Typically, a nonstop flight from Tokyo’s Narita International Airport (NRT) to Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport (ORD) takes between 12 and 14 hours. Factors influencing the actual flight time include wind conditions, air traffic control, and the specific flight path.
Understanding the typical flight duration is crucial for trip planning. It allows travelers to accurately estimate arrival times, schedule connecting flights or ground transportation, and manage jet lag. This information is essential for both business travelers needing to adhere to tight schedules and leisure travelers looking to maximize their vacation time. Historically, this route has been vital for commerce and cultural exchange between Asia and North America, making accurate flight time information even more important.
This article will further explore related aspects of travel between Tokyo and Chicago, including airline options, typical fares, seasonal variations in flight times, and tips for managing long-haul flights comfortably.
1. Nonstop Flight Duration
Nonstop flight duration forms the core component of overall travel time between Tokyo and Chicago. It represents the most significant chunk of the journey, typically ranging from 12 to 14 hours depending on aircraft type and prevailing winds. This baseline duration serves as the foundation upon which other factors, such as layovers and ground transportation, add time. For instance, a traveler choosing a nonstop flight might experience a total travel time of approximately 13 hours (excluding airport procedures). However, opting for a connecting flight through another hub could increase the overall journey to 18 hours or more, depending on the layover duration and connection efficiency.
The importance of understanding nonstop flight duration is amplified when considering time-sensitive travel arrangements. Business travelers attending critical meetings or individuals with connecting itineraries rely heavily on this information for accurate scheduling. A delay in the nonstop portion can have cascading effects, impacting subsequent travel plans and potentially incurring significant costs or missed opportunities. For example, a delayed arrival in Chicago could cause a traveler to miss a connecting flight to another destination, necessitating rebooking and potentially an overnight stay. Conversely, understanding the typical nonstop duration allows travelers to book connecting flights with appropriate layover times, minimizing the risk of disruptions.
In summary, nonstop flight duration serves as the crucial anchor for understanding the overall travel time between Tokyo and Chicago. Accurate knowledge of this baseline duration allows for effective planning, mitigates the risk of travel disruptions, and empowers travelers to make informed decisions aligned with their schedules and budgets. While other factors contribute to the total journey time, the nonstop flight duration remains the primary determinant and thus deserves careful consideration.
2. Connecting Flights
Connecting flights play a significant role in determining the overall travel time between Tokyo and Chicago. While nonstop flights offer the fastest route, connecting itineraries often present cost savings or expanded route options, particularly to smaller destinations not served by direct flights. However, connections introduce additional travel time considerations that require careful evaluation.
-
Layover Duration
Layover duration, the time spent between connecting flights, significantly impacts the overall journey length. Short layovers (e.g., 1-2 hours) minimize overall travel time but carry a higher risk of missed connections due to potential delays. Longer layovers (e.g., 4+ hours) provide a buffer against delays but increase the total travel time and can involve extended waiting periods in airports. The optimal layover duration balances risk mitigation with efficient travel time.
-
Hub Location
The geographical location of the connecting hub airport influences the overall travel time. Connections through geographically closer hubs, such as those on the West Coast of North America, generally result in shorter total travel times compared to connections through more distant hubs. For example, a connection through Los Angeles typically adds less time than a connection through Atlanta. Hub location also impacts the potential for weather-related delays, with certain hubs more susceptible to disruptions than others.
-
Number of Connections
Each additional connection adds complexity and time to the journey. Single connections typically involve one layover and offer a reasonable balance between cost savings and travel time. Double or triple connections, while potentially offering further cost reductions, significantly extend the overall travel time and increase the risk of delays or missed connections. The increased complexity of multiple connections often outweighs the potential cost benefits for time-sensitive travel.
-
Airline Alliance Considerations
Choosing connecting flights within the same airline alliance (e.g., Star Alliance, SkyTeam, oneworld) can streamline the baggage transfer process and simplify rebooking in case of disruptions. Inter-alliance connections may introduce complexities in baggage handling and rebooking procedures, potentially adding time and stress to the journey. Furthermore, some alliances offer more convenient hub connections for the Tokyo-Chicago route, impacting overall travel time.
In conclusion, while connecting flights can provide cost advantages or access to a wider range of destinations, their impact on overall travel time between Tokyo and Chicago requires careful consideration. Factors such as layover duration, hub location, number of connections, and airline alliance considerations all contribute to the final journey length. Evaluating these factors in relation to the traveler’s priorities and schedule ensures an informed decision that balances cost, convenience, and travel time efficiency.
3. Airline Choice
Airline choice significantly influences the overall travel time between Tokyo and Chicago. Different airlines employ varying routes, aircraft types, and layover strategies, all of which contribute to the total journey duration. Selecting an airline requires careful consideration of these factors to ensure alignment with individual travel needs and preferences.
-
Direct vs. Connecting Flights
Airlines offer different route structures for the Tokyo-Chicago journey. Some provide nonstop flights, minimizing travel time, while others offer connecting itineraries, often with lower fares but extended durations due to layovers. For example, All Nippon Airways (ANA) and United Airlines typically offer nonstop flights, whereas airlines like American Airlines or Japan Airlines may route passengers through hubs like Dallas or Los Angeles, adding several hours to the overall travel time.
-
Aircraft Type and Speed
The type of aircraft deployed on the route affects flight duration. Modern aircraft, such as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner or Airbus A350, generally offer higher cruising speeds and more efficient routes compared to older aircraft, potentially reducing flight time. Examining the aircraft type used by different airlines for this route can help travelers estimate the expected duration more accurately. For instance, a newer aircraft might complete the journey in 12 hours, while an older model could take closer to 14 hours.
-
Layover Efficiency
For connecting flights, the efficiency of the layover hub significantly influences total travel time. Airlines operating through well-designed hubs with streamlined transfer processes minimize layover time, whereas less efficient hubs can lead to longer ground times and extended overall journeys. A connection through a hub like Dallas-Fort Worth, known for efficient connections, might result in a shorter overall journey compared to a connection through a less efficient hub.
-
Route and Wind Conditions
Airlines utilize different flight paths, impacted by prevailing winds, especially the jet stream. Routes taking advantage of tailwinds can shorten flight times, whereas routes facing headwinds may experience longer durations. While less predictable, these wind conditions can influence the actual flight time by up to an hour or more, depending on their strength and direction. The chosen route by an airline, even for nonstop flights, can thus indirectly impact the overall journey duration.
In summary, airline choice is a crucial factor affecting the total travel time between Tokyo and Chicago. By considering factors like direct vs. connecting options, aircraft type, layover efficiency, and potential route variations due to wind conditions, travelers can make informed decisions that optimize their journey duration and align with their specific travel needs. Understanding these nuances within airline choices allows for more accurate travel planning and potentially avoids unexpected delays or extended journey times.
4. Wind Conditions
Wind conditions play a crucial role in determining flight times between Tokyo and Chicago, impacting both the duration and efficiency of air travel. Understanding the influence of wind patterns, particularly the jet stream, is essential for accurate flight planning and managing expectations regarding potential variations in arrival times.
-
The Jet Stream’s Influence
The jet stream, a band of strong winds high in the atmosphere, significantly impacts transpacific flights. Westbound flights from Tokyo to Chicago typically encounter headwinds from the jet stream, increasing flight time and fuel consumption. Conversely, eastbound flights from Chicago to Tokyo benefit from tailwinds, reducing flight time. The strength and position of the jet stream vary seasonally, leading to fluctuations in flight durations throughout the year.
-
Headwinds and Increased Flight Times
Strong headwinds directly oppose the aircraft’s direction of travel, requiring more engine power and extending the overall flight time. For the Tokyo-Chicago route, encountering significant headwinds can add several hours to the journey, potentially impacting connecting flights or scheduled arrival times. For example, a flight normally scheduled for 12 hours might take 13 or 14 hours due to strong headwinds.
-
Tailwinds and Reduced Flight Times
Tailwinds, flowing in the same direction as the aircraft’s travel, assist its progress, requiring less engine power and shortening the flight duration. Flights from Chicago to Tokyo frequently benefit from these tailwinds, sometimes reducing the journey by an hour or more compared to the scheduled time. This can be advantageous for travelers looking to minimize jet lag or maximize time at their destination.
-
Impact on Flight Planning and Fuel Efficiency
Airlines carefully consider wind conditions when planning flight routes and fuel requirements. Sophisticated flight planning systems utilize meteorological data to optimize flight paths, minimizing headwind exposure and maximizing tailwind assistance. This optimization impacts not only flight duration but also fuel efficiency, contributing to cost savings for airlines and reduced environmental impact. For instance, airlines might adjust altitudes or slightly alter routes to capitalize on favorable wind patterns, even for seemingly minor gains in efficiency.
In summary, wind conditions are a critical factor influencing travel time between Tokyo and Chicago. The jet stream, with its varying strength and position, introduces a degree of variability in flight durations, particularly impacting westbound flights experiencing headwinds. Understanding these influences allows for more realistic expectations regarding travel time and reinforces the importance of flexible scheduling when planning international journeys.
5. Air Traffic Control
Air traffic control (ATC) plays a critical role in determining the actual flight time between Tokyo and Chicago. While scheduled flight times provide an estimate, ATC interventions, necessitated by airspace congestion, weather conditions, and other unforeseen circumstances, can significantly impact the overall journey duration. Understanding the influence of ATC is crucial for managing expectations and planning for potential delays.
-
Holding Patterns and Ground Delays
ATC often implements holding patterns, requiring aircraft to circle a designated airspace, or ground delays, holding aircraft at the gate before departure, to manage traffic flow and ensure safe separation between aircraft. These procedures, while essential for safety, can add significant time to a flight. For example, an aircraft encountering congestion near Chicago O’Hare might be placed in a holding pattern for 30-60 minutes, directly increasing the total travel time.
-
Rerouting due to Weather or Airspace Restrictions
Unfavorable weather conditions, such as thunderstorms or heavy snow, can necessitate rerouting by ATC. These diversions, while ensuring passenger safety, often lengthen the flight path and increase travel time. Similarly, temporary airspace restrictions, such as those imposed during military exercises, can force aircraft to take longer routes, impacting arrival times. A flight originally planned along a direct route might be diverted hundreds of miles around a storm system, adding considerable time to the journey.
-
Departure and Arrival Sequencing
ATC manages the sequencing of aircraft departures and arrivals at busy airports. During peak periods, aircraft might experience delays on the ground waiting for clearance to take off or may be required to circle before landing due to traffic congestion. This sequencing, while essential for efficient airport operations, can add unpredictable delays to both the departure and arrival phases of a flight, impacting overall travel time.
-
Impact on Connecting Flights
ATC-related delays in the Tokyo-Chicago leg of a journey can have significant repercussions for connecting flights. A delay upon arrival in Chicago might cause passengers to miss their connecting flight to another destination, necessitating rebooking and potentially an overnight stay, significantly disrupting travel plans. This cascading effect underscores the importance of considering potential ATC delays when booking connecting itineraries and allowing ample layover time.
In conclusion, while scheduled flight times provide a general framework, the influence of air traffic control introduces a degree of variability in the actual travel time between Tokyo and Chicago. Factors such as holding patterns, rerouting, and departure/arrival sequencing can introduce delays that impact overall journey duration and potentially disrupt connecting flights. Recognizing the role of ATC reinforces the importance of flexible travel planning and managing expectations regarding potential deviations from scheduled arrival times.
6. Time Zone Difference
The significant time difference between Tokyo and Chicago plays a crucial role in perceived travel time and necessitates careful planning to manage jet lag and schedule activities effectively. While the actual flight duration remains constant, the 14-hour time difference (Chicago being behind Tokyo) significantly impacts a traveler’s experience of the journey. Understanding this temporal shift is essential for adjusting to the new time zone and maximizing productivity or enjoyment upon arrival.
-
Departure and Arrival Times
A flight departing Tokyo in the afternoon might arrive in Chicago on the same day, seemingly shortening the journey despite the actual flight time of 12-14 hours. Conversely, a morning departure from Chicago results in arrival in Tokyo two days later, extending the perceived duration. This temporal disconnect requires careful consideration when scheduling meetings, connecting flights, or making post-arrival arrangements. For example, a business traveler departing Tokyo on a Tuesday afternoon arrives in Chicago on Tuesday morning, allowing for a full business day. However, a tourist leaving Chicago on Sunday morning arrives in Tokyo on Monday evening, losing almost two days to travel.
-
Jet Lag Management
The 14-hour time shift contributes significantly to jet lag, a physiological condition disrupting sleep patterns and causing fatigue, disorientation, and difficulty concentrating. Westbound travel from Tokyo to Chicago generally results in less severe jet lag than eastbound travel, as gaining hours is typically easier for the body to adjust to than losing hours. Strategies like adjusting sleep schedules before departure, staying hydrated during the flight, and exposing oneself to natural light upon arrival can mitigate the effects of jet lag.
-
Scheduling Activities and Appointments
Accurately accounting for the time difference is critical for scheduling activities and appointments. Travelers must convert times between zones meticulously to avoid confusion and missed engagements. For instance, a meeting scheduled for 10:00 AM in Chicago corresponds to 2:00 AM the following day in Tokyo, requiring careful coordination and awareness of the time difference to avoid scheduling conflicts.
-
Impact on Body Clock and Sleep Cycle
The abrupt shift in time zones disrupts the body’s natural circadian rhythm, impacting sleep patterns and overall well-being. Travelers should anticipate potential sleep disturbances and plan accordingly, allowing for rest and avoiding strenuous activities immediately upon arrival. Gradual adjustment to the new time zone, through exposure to sunlight and aligned meal times, can facilitate faster acclimatization and minimize the impact on the body clock.
In conclusion, while the time zone difference doesn’t alter the physical flight duration between Tokyo and Chicago, it significantly impacts the travel experience. Careful consideration of departure and arrival times, proactive jet lag management, precise scheduling of activities, and awareness of the impact on the body clock are crucial for a smooth and productive journey. Effectively managing the time zone transition optimizes the travel experience, minimizes disruptions, and allows travelers to adjust efficiently to the new time zone.
7. Seasonality
Seasonal variations significantly influence flight times between Tokyo and Chicago. Weather patterns, particularly the strength and position of the jet stream, fluctuate throughout the year, impacting flight routes and durations. Understanding these seasonal influences allows for more accurate travel planning and informed expectations regarding potential variations in flight times.
-
Winter Winds
During winter, the jet stream strengthens and shifts southward, resulting in stronger headwinds for westbound flights from Tokyo to Chicago. This can add a considerable amount of time to the journey, potentially increasing flight duration by an hour or more. Conversely, eastbound flights from Chicago to Tokyo may experience stronger tailwinds, reducing travel time. This seasonal asymmetry requires careful consideration when planning travel during winter months.
-
Summer Flight Paths
In summer, the jet stream weakens and moves northward. This typically results in weaker headwinds for Tokyo-Chicago flights, leading to slightly shorter flight times compared to winter. Airlines often adjust flight paths slightly during summer to capitalize on these more favorable wind conditions, optimizing fuel efficiency and minimizing travel duration.
-
Turbulence Variability
Turbulence, while not directly impacting overall flight time, can vary seasonally. Summer thunderstorms and winter storms can both contribute to increased turbulence, potentially impacting passenger comfort. While pilots often adjust altitudes to avoid severe turbulence, these adjustments can sometimes indirectly influence flight times, although typically to a lesser extent than wind conditions.
-
Airport Weather Delays
Seasonal weather patterns also influence the likelihood of airport delays due to conditions at either the origin or destination. Winter snowstorms in Chicago or summer typhoons in Tokyo can cause significant disruptions, impacting departure and arrival times. These weather-related delays, while not influencing in-flight duration, contribute to the overall travel time and require consideration when planning journeys during susceptible seasons.
In conclusion, seasonality exerts a noticeable influence on the overall travel time between Tokyo and Chicago. The varying strength and position of the jet stream throughout the year impact flight durations, particularly for westbound flights. Considering these seasonal variations, along with potential weather-related delays at either airport, allows travelers to develop more accurate expectations and plan itineraries accordingly, minimizing the potential disruption from seasonal influences.
8. Airport Choice (Narita/Haneda)
Airport choice in TokyoNarita (NRT) or Haneda (HND)influences overall travel time to Chicago. While both serve the Greater Tokyo Area, their geographical locations and access to transportation infrastructure introduce variations in pre- and post-flight travel durations. Narita, situated further from central Tokyo, necessitates longer ground transit times compared to Haneda, which enjoys closer proximity and more efficient public transport links. This difference in ground transit duration directly impacts the total travel time experienced by passengers flying to Chicago. For example, reaching Narita from central Tokyo can take approximately 1-2 hours by train, whereas reaching Haneda can take 30-45 minutes. This disparity adds to the overall journey, particularly for travelers with tight schedules.
Furthermore, the availability of flights to Chicago differs between the two airports. Narita traditionally serves as the primary international hub, offering more frequent direct flights to Chicago. Haneda, while expanding its international routes, may offer fewer direct flights, potentially necessitating connecting itineraries, thereby adding layover time to the overall journey. Choosing Haneda over Narita for a Chicago flight might require a connection through another Asian or North American hub, adding several hours compared to a direct flight from Narita. Conversely, the shorter ground transit time to Haneda could offset the additional flight time for some travelers, making it a viable option depending on specific circumstances and flight schedules.
In summary, the choice between Narita and Haneda represents a trade-off between ground transit time and flight availability. Narita often offers quicker flight options with more direct routes to Chicago but involves longer ground transportation to and from the airport. Haneda, with shorter ground transit, may require connecting flights, increasing overall travel time. Careful consideration of these factors, along with individual travel preferences and schedules, allows for optimized airport selection, minimizing overall journey duration and maximizing travel efficiency to Chicago.
9. Departure/Arrival Times
Departure and arrival times are integral components influencing the perceived duration of travel between Tokyo and Chicago. While the actual flight time remains relatively constant, the chosen departure and arrival times, coupled with the 14-hour time difference, significantly impact a traveler’s experience of the journey’s length. A carefully selected departure time can minimize the impact of jet lag and maximize productive time at the destination. For instance, a late afternoon departure from Tokyo allows for arrival in Chicago on the same day, albeit in the morning, enabling a full business day despite crossing multiple time zones. Conversely, an early morning departure from Chicago leads to arrival in Tokyo late the following evening, effectively losing almost two days to travel. This perceived extension of travel time, despite the consistent flight duration, emphasizes the importance of strategic departure/arrival time selection.
Furthermore, coordinating departure and arrival times with connecting flights or ground transportation schedules is crucial for minimizing overall travel time. A late arrival in Chicago, caused by a delayed departure or unforeseen circumstances, could result in missed connections and extended layovers, adding significantly to the total journey duration. Similarly, aligning arrival times with local transportation schedules in Tokyo, particularly considering potential delays, optimizes travel efficiency and reduces waiting times. For example, scheduling a flight to arrive at Narita Airport during off-peak hours can expedite customs and immigration processes, minimizing overall transit time compared to arriving during peak periods. This careful coordination of departure and arrival times with other logistical elements is essential for minimizing potential delays and optimizing the overall travel experience.
In conclusion, strategic selection of departure and arrival times, informed by the time zone difference and logistical considerations such as connecting flights and ground transportation, significantly impacts the efficiency and perceived length of travel between Tokyo and Chicago. While the actual flight time remains a primary factor, optimizing departure and arrival times minimizes the impact of jet lag, facilitates smooth connections, and reduces overall transit time, ultimately contributing to a more streamlined and productive travel experience. Careful planning and consideration of these temporal factors are essential for maximizing the value of time spent in transit and ensuring a seamless journey.
Frequently Asked Questions
This section addresses common inquiries regarding flight durations between Tokyo and Chicago, providing concise and informative responses to facilitate informed travel planning.
Question 1: What is the typical nonstop flight duration between Tokyo and Chicago?
Nonstop flights generally range from 12 to 14 hours, depending on aircraft type, specific route, and wind conditions.
Question 2: How does the time difference between Tokyo and Chicago affect travel planning?
The 14-hour time difference (Chicago being 14 hours behind Tokyo) requires careful consideration of departure and arrival times to manage jet lag and schedule activities effectively. A flight departing Tokyo in the afternoon often arrives in Chicago on the same calendar day.
Question 3: Do connecting flights significantly increase overall travel time?
Connecting flights introduce layover durations, which can add several hours to the total travel time depending on the connection location and layover length. While potentially offering cost savings, connecting itineraries require careful evaluation of layover durations and potential delays.
Question 4: How do seasonal variations impact flight durations on this route?
Seasonal changes in the jet stream’s strength and position influence flight times. Winter typically sees stronger headwinds for westbound flights, increasing travel time, while summer offers more favorable wind conditions.
Question 5: Which Tokyo airport, Narita or Haneda, offers faster travel times to Chicago?
Narita (NRT) typically provides more direct flights to Chicago, minimizing flight time. However, its distance from central Tokyo necessitates longer ground transit. Haneda (HND), closer to the city center, might require connecting flights, offsetting the advantage of shorter ground transit. The optimal choice depends on the specific flight schedule and individual travel preferences.
Question 6: How can travelers mitigate the effects of jet lag on such a long flight?
Strategies for minimizing jet lag include adjusting sleep schedules before departure, staying hydrated during the flight, limiting caffeine and alcohol consumption, and seeking exposure to natural light upon arrival. Westbound travel generally results in milder jet lag compared to eastbound travel.
Understanding these key factors related to flight durations between Tokyo and Chicago empowers informed travel decisions, optimizing itineraries for efficiency and comfort.
The subsequent section delves further into strategies for comfortable long-haul travel, offering practical tips for managing the challenges of extended flights.
Tips for Managing Long-Haul Flights Between Tokyo and Chicago
Given the extended duration of flights between Tokyo and Chicago, strategic preparation enhances passenger comfort and minimizes the challenges associated with long-haul travel. The following tips offer practical guidance for a more enjoyable and productive journey.
Tip 1: Seat Selection Strategy
Careful seat selection significantly impacts comfort. Aisle seats offer greater legroom and easier access to lavatories, while window seats provide a view and a surface to lean against. Advanced seat selection, considering individual preferences and needs, is recommended. Bulkhead or exit row seats often offer additional legroom but may have limited recline or storage options.
Tip 2: Entertainment and Productivity
Downloading movies, books, or podcasts beforehand provides entertainment options during the flight, independent of in-flight entertainment systems. Noise-canceling headphones enhance the entertainment experience and promote relaxation. Travel time can also be utilized for productive tasks, such as offline work or language learning.
Tip 3: Comfort Items and Clothing
Packing essential comfort items, such as a neck pillow, eye mask, and earplugs, promotes rest and relaxation. Wearing loose, comfortable clothing and layering for temperature fluctuations enhances in-flight comfort. Compression socks can aid circulation during extended periods of sitting.
Tip 4: Hydration and Meal Planning
Staying hydrated is crucial during long flights. Carrying an empty water bottle through security and filling it before boarding allows for consistent hydration throughout the journey. Pre-ordering special meals or bringing snacks caters to dietary restrictions and preferences, as airline meal options may be limited.
Tip 5: Movement and Stretching
Periodically moving and stretching during the flight promotes circulation and reduces stiffness. Short walks through the cabin and simple stretches at the seat help prevent muscle cramps and discomfort. Consulting with a physician regarding appropriate in-flight exercises is recommended for individuals with specific health concerns.
Tip 6: Managing Jet Lag Strategically
Adjusting sleep schedules several days before departure, even by small increments, can ease the transition to the new time zone. Minimizing screen time before bed and utilizing sleep aids, if appropriate, can promote rest during the flight and facilitate adaptation upon arrival. Exposure to natural light at the destination helps regulate the body’s internal clock.
Implementing these strategies contributes significantly to a more comfortable and manageable long-haul flight experience, reducing fatigue and maximizing the opportunity for rest and productivity during the journey between Tokyo and Chicago.
The following conclusion summarizes the key factors influencing flight durations and offers final recommendations for planning this transpacific journey.
Conclusion
Flight duration between Tokyo and Chicago represents a complex interplay of several factors. Nonstop flight time provides a baseline, typically ranging from 12 to 14 hours. However, elements such as connecting flights, airline choices, wind conditions, air traffic control, and seasonal variations introduce variability into actual travel time. The 14-hour time difference further complicates perceived journey length and necessitates careful planning to manage jet lag and schedule activities effectively. Choosing between Narita and Haneda airports introduces additional considerations regarding ground transit time versus flight availability. Departure and arrival time selections further influence the overall travel experience by impacting connections and perceived duration.
Thorough understanding of these factors empowers informed decision-making for travelers planning journeys between Tokyo and Chicago. Strategic planning, including careful consideration of airline options, potential delays, and time zone adjustments, minimizes travel-related stress and maximizes efficient use of time. Ultimately, informed preparation ensures a smoother, more predictable, and ultimately more productive travel experience across the Pacific.
