Boise to Spokane Flight Time: Quick Guide


Boise to Spokane Flight Time: Quick Guide

The duration of a journey by air between Boise, Idaho, and Spokane, Washington, is a key factor for travelers planning their trip. This duration is influenced by several elements, including the specific route taken, weather conditions, and any potential air traffic delays. For instance, a direct flight typically takes less time than one with a layover in another city. Understanding this duration allows for accurate scheduling of connecting flights, ground transportation, and other logistical arrangements.

Knowing the typical length of this airborne journey enables travelers to optimize their itineraries. Business travelers can schedule meetings more effectively, while leisure travelers can maximize their vacation time. Historically, advancements in aviation technology have reduced travel times between cities, increasing connectivity and accessibility. This improved efficiency has significant economic and social benefits, facilitating both business and personal travel.

This understanding of airborne travel duration provides a foundation for exploring related topics such as optimal flight routes, airline choices, ticket pricing, and seasonal travel patterns. Further investigation into these areas can empower travelers to make informed decisions and enhance their overall travel experience.

1. Direct Flight Duration

Direct flight duration represents a critical component of overall travel time between Boise and Spokane. Minimizing time spent in transit often constitutes a primary concern for travelers. A direct flight eliminates the time required for layovers, including deplaning, navigating connecting airports, and boarding a second aircraft. This efficiency translates to a shorter journey, allowing for more productive use of time or a quicker arrival at one’s destination. For instance, a direct flight might take approximately one hour, while a connecting flight, even with a short layover, could easily extend the total travel time to three or four hours. The difference can be substantial, particularly for time-sensitive trips.

The availability and frequency of direct flights significantly impact travel planning. A limited number of direct flights might necessitate choosing a less convenient departure time or accepting a connecting flight with a longer overall duration. Understanding direct flight schedules allows travelers to optimize their itineraries, coordinating arrival times with ground transportation, hotel check-ins, or scheduled meetings. Furthermore, direct flights often contribute to a less stressful travel experience by reducing the potential for missed connections or baggage handling issues associated with multiple flights. This streamlined process holds particular value for business travelers or those with tight schedules.

In summary, direct flight duration plays a pivotal role in determining the overall travel time between Boise and Spokane. Considering direct flight options, schedules, and availability empowers travelers to make informed choices that align with their individual needs and priorities. While other factors, such as weather and air traffic, can influence travel time, the choice between a direct and connecting flight often represents the most significant determinant of overall journey duration. This understanding allows for efficient travel planning and a smoother, more predictable travel experience.

2. Connecting Flight Durations

Connecting flight durations represent a crucial factor influencing overall travel time between Boise and Spokane. While direct flights offer the shortest travel time, connecting flights introduce additional time considerations. These include the layover duration itselfthe time spent waiting between flightsas well as the time required for deplaning, navigating the connecting airport, and boarding the subsequent aircraft. For example, a connecting flight with a one-hour layover in Salt Lake City could add several hours to the total journey compared to a direct flight. This extended duration results from the added time spent in transit and the potential for delays during the connection process. The choice between a connecting flight and a direct flight often involves balancing cost considerations against travel time constraints.

Several factors influence connecting flight durations. The chosen airline and specific route impact the number and length of layovers. Connecting through a busy hub airport like Denver International Airport might introduce longer connection times due to increased passenger volume and potential tarmac delays. Conversely, connecting through a smaller airport might result in a shorter connection time but potentially fewer flight options. Seasonal variations also play a role, as inclement weather can cause delays and extend connecting flight durations. For instance, winter weather in Denver can lead to significant delays, impacting connecting flights to Spokane and increasing overall travel time. Understanding these factors helps travelers anticipate potential delays and plan accordingly.

Effectively managing connecting flight durations requires careful consideration of various elements. Selecting an itinerary with ample connection time mitigates the risk of missed connections due to unexpected delays. Researching airport layouts and gate locations in advance can streamline the transfer process. Choosing airlines with reliable on-time performance records can further reduce the likelihood of delays. By understanding the impact of connecting flight durations on overall travel time between Boise and Spokane, travelers can make informed decisions that optimize their journeys while accounting for potential challenges. This awareness empowers travelers to balance cost considerations with time efficiency and minimize the stress associated with air travel.

3. Airlines Servicing the Route

The airlines operating flights between Boise and Spokane play a significant role in determining the overall travel experience, particularly concerning flight duration. Different airlines employ varying route strategies, aircraft types, and schedules, all of which impact the time spent in transit. Understanding the nuances of each airline’s operations provides valuable insights for travelers seeking to optimize their journeys.

  • Direct vs. Connecting Flights

    Airlines differ in their approach to servicing the Boise-Spokane route. Some airlines may offer direct flights, while others primarily operate connecting flights through hub airports. This choice directly impacts the overall flight duration. Direct flights minimize travel time by eliminating layovers, while connecting flights, though potentially more affordable, often extend the journey considerably. For example, Alaska Airlines might offer direct flights, while Delta Air Lines could route passengers through Salt Lake City. This difference in approach significantly influences the total time spent traveling.

  • Aircraft Type and Speed

    The type of aircraft deployed on the route also influences flight duration. Different aircraft models have varying cruising speeds and capacities. A smaller regional jet, typically used on shorter routes or by regional affiliates, will generally have a lower cruising speed compared to a larger mainline jet. This difference in speed can add to the overall flight time. For instance, a Bombardier CRJ-700 operated by a regional carrier might take longer than an Airbus A320 flown by the mainline airline. Understanding these distinctions allows travelers to make informed choices based on their time constraints.

  • Scheduling and Frequency

    Airlines vary in their scheduling and frequency of flights. Some airlines may offer multiple flights throughout the day, providing flexibility for travelers, while others may operate only a limited number of flights. This difference in frequency impacts travel planning. Fewer flight options might necessitate selecting a less convenient departure time or accepting a longer overall travel duration due to layovers. For example, one airline might offer a convenient morning direct flight, while another only offers an evening flight with a connection. Understanding these scheduling nuances allows travelers to align their travel plans with their individual needs.

  • On-Time Performance

    An airline’s on-time performance record is a crucial factor to consider when evaluating flight duration. Airlines with a history of delays can significantly impact travel plans, potentially leading to missed connections or extended overall travel times. Consistent on-time performance, conversely, contributes to a more predictable and efficient travel experience. Monitoring an airline’s historical performance data and current operational status provides valuable insights for travelers prioritizing schedule reliability.

By considering these factors, travelers can strategically choose airlines that align with their travel priorities, whether those prioritize minimizing flight duration, maximizing cost savings, or ensuring schedule reliability. Understanding the influence of airline operations on flight time between Boise and Spokane empowers travelers to make informed decisions that optimize their overall travel experience.

4. Seasonal Variations

Seasonal variations play a significant role in influencing flight times between Boise and Spokane. Weather patterns, air traffic volume, and airline scheduling adjustments throughout the year contribute to fluctuations in travel duration. Understanding these seasonal influences allows travelers to anticipate potential impacts on their itineraries and make informed travel decisions.

  • Winter Weather

    Winter weather presents the most significant seasonal challenge to air travel between Boise and Spokane. Snow, ice, and freezing temperatures can lead to flight delays and cancellations. De-icing procedures, reduced visibility, and necessary air traffic management adjustments contribute to increased travel times. For example, a flight scheduled for one hour could experience delays of several hours due to winter weather conditions. Travelers should anticipate potential disruptions during winter months and consider flexible travel arrangements.

  • Summer Air Traffic

    Summer months typically experience increased air traffic volume due to peak travel season. This higher volume can lead to air traffic congestion, resulting in potential delays, particularly during departure and arrival at busy airports. While flight times themselves may not be significantly impacted, the increased likelihood of delays necessitates factoring in extra time for potential disruptions. For instance, a normally efficient connection might become problematic due to increased air traffic volume, potentially leading to a missed connection.

  • Airline Schedule Adjustments

    Airlines often adjust their flight schedules seasonally to accommodate fluctuating demand. During peak seasons, airlines may increase the frequency of flights, potentially leading to more direct flight options. Conversely, during off-peak seasons, airlines may reduce flight frequency or consolidate routes, resulting in fewer direct flights and potentially longer travel times due to increased reliance on connecting flights. Understanding these seasonal adjustments enables travelers to plan accordingly and secure desired flight options.

  • Wind Conditions

    Wind conditions, while not strictly seasonal, can significantly impact flight times throughout the year. Strong headwinds can increase flight duration, while tailwinds can reduce travel time. These variations, though often unpredictable, contribute to fluctuations in actual flight times compared to scheduled durations. Monitoring wind forecasts can provide some insight into potential impacts on travel time, though actual conditions can vary during the flight.

By understanding these seasonal influences, travelers gain valuable insights into potential variations in flight times between Boise and Spokane. This awareness allows for more realistic travel planning, including anticipating potential delays, considering flexible travel dates and times, and making informed decisions about airline and route choices. Ultimately, recognizing the impact of seasonal variations empowers travelers to navigate potential challenges and optimize their travel experiences.

5. Air Traffic Delays

Air traffic delays represent a significant factor influencing flight times between Boise and Spokane. These delays, stemming from various sources, can significantly extend the overall duration of a journey, impacting travel plans and potentially causing disruptions. Understanding the nature and implications of air traffic delays is crucial for travelers seeking to manage expectations and mitigate potential inconveniences.

  • Airport Congestion

    High air traffic volume, particularly at major hub airports, can lead to significant delays. Aircraft may experience extended taxi times, holding patterns before takeoff, or delayed landing clearances due to congestion on runways and taxiways. For example, if a flight from Boise to Spokane connects through a busy airport like Denver International Airport during peak hours, the risk of delays increases substantially, potentially extending the overall travel time. This congestion can ripple through the system, causing delays even for direct flights.

  • Weather Disruptions

    Inclement weather, including thunderstorms, snowstorms, and fog, frequently disrupts air traffic flow. Flights may be delayed or rerouted due to hazardous weather conditions. For instance, a thunderstorm along the flight path between Boise and Spokane can necessitate rerouting or holding patterns, adding to the overall flight time. Furthermore, weather-related delays at other airports can impact connecting flights, potentially causing missed connections and significantly extending travel durations.

  • Air Traffic Control Actions

    Air traffic controllers play a critical role in managing air traffic flow and ensuring safety. However, their actions, while essential, can sometimes contribute to delays. For example, flow control measures implemented to manage traffic volume during peak periods or in response to unexpected events can lead to delays in departures and arrivals. While these measures are necessary for maintaining safe operations, they can impact flight schedules and increase overall travel time.

  • Mechanical Issues and Other Unexpected Events

    Unexpected events, such as mechanical issues with aircraft, security concerns, or medical emergencies, can also cause air traffic delays. These unforeseen circumstances disrupt scheduled operations and necessitate adjustments to flight schedules. For example, a mechanical issue with an aircraft scheduled to depart from Boise can create a chain reaction of delays, affecting subsequent flights and potentially impacting connecting flights in Spokane. Such events, while unpredictable, contribute to the variability of flight times.

By understanding the various factors contributing to air traffic delays, travelers can better anticipate potential disruptions to their travel plans. Factoring in potential delay times, especially when connecting through busy airports or during periods of inclement weather, can help manage expectations and minimize disruptions. Staying informed about real-time flight status updates and utilizing airline resources can provide valuable information and assistance in navigating potential delays between Boise and Spokane.

6. Wind Conditions

Wind conditions represent a significant, albeit often overlooked, factor influencing flight times between Boise and Spokane. While scheduled flight times provide an estimated duration, actual flight times can vary due to the impact of wind on aircraft navigation. Understanding the influence of wind patterns on airborne travel provides valuable context for interpreting flight schedules and anticipating potential variations in travel time.

  • Headwinds and Increased Flight Times

    Headwinds, winds blowing directly against the aircraft’s flight path, increase air resistance and reduce ground speed. This reduced speed necessitates longer flight times to cover the same distance. For example, a flight from Boise to Spokane encountering strong headwinds might experience a significant increase in travel time, potentially adding 30 minutes or more to the scheduled duration. This effect is particularly pronounced on longer flights, making headwinds a key consideration in flight planning.

  • Tailwinds and Reduced Flight Times

    Tailwinds, winds blowing in the same direction as the aircraft’s flight path, provide a boost to ground speed. This increased speed allows aircraft to cover the same distance in less time. A flight from Spokane to Boise benefiting from strong tailwinds might arrive significantly earlier than the scheduled arrival time, potentially reducing the flight duration by a substantial margin. This advantage underscores the dynamic nature of flight times in relation to prevailing wind conditions.

  • Crosswinds and Flight Path Adjustments

    Crosswinds, winds blowing perpendicular to the flight path, introduce complexities to aircraft navigation. Pilots must adjust their heading to compensate for the lateral drift caused by crosswinds. These adjustments can slightly increase the distance traveled and, consequently, the overall flight time. While the impact of crosswinds on flight duration is typically less pronounced than that of headwinds or tailwinds, it contributes to the overall variability of actual flight times. Strong crosswinds can also affect takeoff and landing procedures, potentially leading to delays.

  • Jet Stream Impact

    The jet stream, a fast-flowing, narrow air current in the atmosphere, significantly influences flight times, especially on longer routes. Flights traveling eastward often benefit from the jet stream’s west-to-east flow, experiencing reduced flight times due to the tailwind effect. Conversely, westward flights often encounter headwinds from the jet stream, leading to increased flight times. The position and strength of the jet stream vary throughout the year, influencing transcontinental flight durations and contributing to seasonal variations in travel times between Boise and Spokane, particularly for flights routed further north.

Considering the influence of wind conditions provides a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamic nature of flight times between Boise and Spokane. While scheduled times offer a baseline estimate, actual flight durations fluctuate due to these prevailing atmospheric conditions. Acknowledging the impact of headwinds, tailwinds, crosswinds, and the jet stream empowers travelers to interpret flight schedules more realistically and anticipate potential variations in travel time. This understanding contributes to more informed travel planning and a more nuanced appreciation of the factors affecting air travel.

7. Aircraft Type

Aircraft type significantly influences flight duration between Boise and Spokane. Different aircraft models possess varying performance characteristics, including cruising speed, fuel efficiency, and passenger capacity. These characteristics directly impact the time required to traverse the distance between the two cities. For example, a regional jet like the Embraer E175, commonly used on shorter routes, typically cruises at a lower speed than a larger narrow-body jet like the Airbus A320. This difference in cruising speed translates directly into a longer flight time for the Embraer E175 compared to the A320, even when accounting for potential variations due to wind conditions or air traffic. The choice of aircraft deployed by an airline on this route directly affects the overall travel time experienced by passengers. Airlines balance operational costs, passenger demand, and route efficiency when selecting aircraft, often opting for smaller regional jets on routes with lower passenger volume.

Furthermore, aircraft range influences route options. Aircraft with shorter ranges may necessitate a fuel stop en route, significantly increasing travel time. While not typically a factor for direct flights between Boise and Spokane, this consideration becomes relevant for scenarios involving diversions or alternative routing due to unforeseen circumstances. Understanding the range capabilities of different aircraft types provides context for potential disruptions and their impact on overall travel duration. For instance, a smaller turboprop aircraft might have a limited range compared to a jet aircraft, potentially requiring a refueling stop that significantly extends travel time in situations requiring deviations from the standard direct route.

In summary, aircraft type serves as a critical determinant of flight time between Boise and Spokane. Cruising speed, aircraft range, and airline operational strategies collectively influence the overall duration of the journey. Recognizing the connection between aircraft type and flight time empowers travelers to interpret flight schedules more accurately, anticipate potential variations in travel duration, and understand the factors influencing airline decisions regarding aircraft deployment on specific routes. This awareness fosters a more informed perspective on air travel dynamics and contributes to more realistic travel planning.

8. Airport Efficiency

Airport efficiency plays a crucial role in influencing the overall flight time between Boise and Spokane, even if not directly reflected in the scheduled flight duration. Efficient airport operations streamline passenger processing, baggage handling, and aircraft movements, minimizing potential delays and contributing to a smoother travel experience. Conversely, inefficiencies at either departure or arrival airports can introduce delays that extend the total travel time. Understanding the impact of airport efficiency provides valuable context for interpreting flight schedules and anticipating potential variations in travel duration.

  • Security Checkpoint Processing Times

    The efficiency of security checkpoints directly impacts passenger processing time. Long lines and slow processing at security checkpoints can lead to delays, particularly during peak travel periods. For instance, a passenger departing from Boise encountering lengthy security lines might risk missing their flight or experience a significant delay before reaching the gate. Similarly, slow processing upon arrival in Spokane can extend the overall travel time. Efficient security procedures, including adequate staffing and optimized screening processes, minimize these potential delays.

  • Gate Management and Boarding Procedures

    Efficient gate management and boarding procedures contribute to on-time departures. Organized boarding processes, clear communication, and prompt handling of gate changes minimize delays and ensure smooth transitions for passengers. Conversely, disorganized boarding, last-minute gate changes, or inefficient handling of connecting passengers can introduce delays that affect departure times. For example, a delayed boarding process in Boise can push back the departure time, impacting the overall flight time to Spokane. Efficient gate management practices optimize aircraft turnaround times and minimize potential delays.

  • Baggage Handling Efficiency

    Efficient baggage handling processes are critical for minimizing delays and ensuring timely baggage delivery. Quick and accurate baggage loading and unloading procedures minimize the time aircraft spend at the gate, contributing to on-time departures and arrivals. Conversely, baggage handling inefficiencies, such as misplaced luggage or slow unloading processes, can delay flights and inconvenience passengers. For instance, delays in baggage handling upon arrival in Spokane can extend the overall travel time for passengers waiting for their luggage. Optimized baggage handling systems and procedures are essential for maintaining efficient airport operations.

  • Ground Crew and Air Traffic Control Coordination

    Effective coordination between ground crews and air traffic control ensures efficient aircraft movement on the ground. Timely pushback from the gate, efficient taxiing to and from runways, and prompt responses to air traffic control instructions minimize delays. Conversely, poor coordination or communication breakdowns can lead to delays in departures and arrivals. For instance, delays in pushback from the gate in Boise due to communication issues can impact the overall flight time to Spokane. Seamless coordination between ground crews and air traffic control is essential for maintaining airport efficiency.

In conclusion, while factors like wind conditions and aircraft type directly influence in-flight duration, airport efficiency plays a crucial role in the overall travel time between Boise and Spokane. Efficient airport operations minimize delays on the ground, contributing to a smoother and more predictable travel experience. Conversely, inefficiencies at either airport can introduce delays that extend the total travel time beyond the scheduled flight duration. Recognizing the impact of airport efficiency empowers travelers to anticipate potential variations in travel time and understand the broader context of air travel operations.

Frequently Asked Questions

This section addresses common inquiries regarding the duration of flights between Boise, Idaho (BOI) and Spokane, Washington (GEG).

Question 1: What is the typical direct flight duration between Boise and Spokane?

Direct flights typically range from approximately one hour to one hour and fifteen minutes, depending on specific wind conditions and air traffic control instructions. However, it’s essential to consult specific flight schedules for accurate information, as variations can occur.

Question 2: How do connecting flights affect the overall travel time?

Connecting flights invariably increase total travel time. The duration of the layover, plus the time required for deplaning, navigating the connecting airport, and boarding the second flight, significantly extends the journey. Total travel time, including connections, can range from three to five hours or more, depending on the specific itinerary.

Question 3: Which airlines commonly service this route?

Airlines such as Alaska Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and Southwest Airlines frequently offer flights between Boise and Spokane. However, the availability of direct versus connecting flights varies depending on the airline and the specific time of year. Consulting airline websites or online travel agencies provides the most up-to-date information on available routes and airlines.

Question 4: How do seasonal factors influence flight times?

Seasonal variations, particularly winter weather conditions, can significantly impact flight times. Winter storms can cause delays and even flight cancellations. Additionally, increased air traffic volume during peak travel seasons, such as summer and holidays, can contribute to delays due to airport congestion. Checking weather forecasts and airport conditions before travel is advisable.

Question 5: How can one find the most accurate and up-to-date flight time information?

Consulting reputable online travel agencies or directly checking the websites of airlines servicing the route provides the most reliable, real-time information on flight schedules and durations. These resources offer detailed flight information, including departure and arrival times, aircraft type, and any known delays.

Question 6: What factors beyond scheduled time influence actual flight duration?

Several factors beyond the scheduled flight time can influence the actual duration of a flight. Wind conditions, especially headwinds or tailwinds, can either extend or shorten flight times. Air traffic congestion, especially at major hub airports, can also lead to delays in departures and arrivals. Furthermore, unforeseen events such as mechanical issues or weather diversions can significantly impact travel time.

Understanding these factors provides a comprehensive perspective on the dynamics of flight times between Boise and Spokane, allowing for more informed travel planning and realistic expectations.

For further information regarding specific flight options, schedules, and pricing, consult online travel agencies or the websites of airlines servicing the route.

Tips for Planning Travel Between Boise and Spokane

Efficient travel planning hinges on understanding key factors influencing journey duration. These tips offer valuable insights for optimizing travel arrangements between Boise and Spokane.

Tip 1: Prioritize Direct Flights When Time is Critical
Direct flights significantly reduce travel time compared to connecting itineraries. Eliminating layovers minimizes potential delays associated with airport transfers and connecting flights. While direct flights might sometimes have a higher price point, the time saved can be invaluable, especially for business travelers or those with tight schedules.

Tip 2: Consider Connecting Flights for Potential Cost Savings
Connecting flights often offer lower fares compared to direct flights. If travel time is less of a constraint, exploring connecting flight options can provide substantial cost savings. However, factor in the additional time required for layovers and potential connection-related delays when evaluating this option.

Tip 3: Evaluate Airline Schedules and On-Time Performance
Different airlines offer varying flight schedules and frequencies. Researching airline schedules and on-time performance records helps identify the most convenient and reliable options. An airline with a strong on-time performance record minimizes the risk of delays disrupting travel plans.

Tip 4: Account for Seasonal Variations in Flight Schedules and Weather Conditions
Airline schedules often adjust seasonally to accommodate fluctuating demand. Flight frequencies and availability may vary during peak and off-peak seasons. Furthermore, weather conditions, especially during winter, can significantly impact flight operations. Checking weather forecasts and considering travel flexibility during winter months is crucial.

Tip 5: Monitor Real-Time Flight Status Updates
Utilizing online flight tracking tools or mobile apps allows travelers to stay informed about real-time flight status updates. This information provides advance notice of potential delays, enabling proactive adjustments to travel plans and minimizing disruptions.

Tip 6: Factor in Airport Transit Time
Consider the time required for navigating airport terminals, especially when connecting through larger airports. Factoring in transit time between gates, including potential security checkpoint delays, ensures realistic scheduling and reduces the risk of missed connections.

Tip 7: Book Flights in Advance, Especially During Peak Season
Booking flights well in advance, particularly during peak travel periods, increases the likelihood of securing preferred flight times and potentially lower fares. Last-minute bookings often come with limited availability and higher prices.

Tip 8: Consider Alternate Transportation Options for Shorter Distances.
Depending on individual circumstances and schedules, exploring ground transportation options, such as driving or taking a bus, might provide viable alternatives for travel between Boise and Spokane, especially if cost is a primary concern and time constraints are less stringent.

By implementing these tips, travelers can optimize their travel plans between Boise and Spokane, balancing cost considerations, time efficiency, and the potential for unforeseen disruptions. Informed planning contributes to a smoother, less stressful travel experience.

These insights provide a solid foundation for informed travel planning. The concluding section will summarize key takeaways and offer final recommendations for optimizing the travel experience between Boise and Spokane.

Conclusion

Flight time between Boise and Spokane represents a multifaceted concept influenced by a confluence of factors. Direct flight duration provides the baseline, typically ranging from one to one and a quarter hours. However, connecting flights, while potentially offering cost advantages, introduce additional travel time complexities due to layovers and airport transfers. Airline choices influence schedules, aircraft types, and potential routing through hub airports, all impacting overall travel duration. Seasonal variations, particularly winter weather, introduce potential delays and disruptions, necessitating flexible travel planning. Air traffic congestion, particularly during peak seasons, adds further variability to flight times. Wind conditions, often an overlooked factor, exert significant influence through headwinds and tailwinds, affecting actual flight durations. Aircraft type, with varying cruising speeds, directly impacts travel time. Finally, airport efficiency, encompassing security procedures, baggage handling, and ground operations, contributes to overall travel duration beyond scheduled flight times.

Informed decision-making regarding air travel between Boise and Spokane requires a holistic understanding of these interconnected elements. Travelers benefit from considering direct versus connecting flight options, evaluating airline performance and schedules, anticipating seasonal influences, and acknowledging the dynamic nature of flight times due to factors like wind conditions and airport efficiency. This comprehensive perspective empowers informed choices, optimizing travel experiences and fostering realistic expectations. Further research into specific airline offerings and real-time flight data provides the most accurate and up-to-date information for planning efficient and predictable travel between these two cities.