The question of terminal punctuation on resumes addresses the use of full stops (periods), commas, colons, and semicolons at the end of phrases and sentences within the document. For example, a bullet point might read “Managed a team of five sales representatives” with or without a period at the end.
Consistency in punctuation contributes to a polished and professional presentation. While some style guides advocate for its use, others suggest omitting it for a cleaner, more modern look. Historically, formal business writing, including resumes, adhered to strict punctuation rules. However, contemporary practices often favor a less rigid approach, particularly in visually driven documents like resumes, where brevity and impactful presentation are prioritized. This shift reflects the evolving nature of communication in the digital age.
This article will explore the various perspectives on this stylistic choice, examining the arguments for and against terminal punctuation on resumes, and ultimately provide practical guidance for creating a document that presents a strong and consistent image.
1. Readability
Readability plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of a resume. Whether or not periods are used impacts how easily the document can be scanned and understood by recruiters, who often spend mere seconds reviewing each application. Proper punctuation can enhance clarity, while its absence can sometimes create ambiguity or a less polished impression.
-
Sentence Structure Clarity
Periods delineate sentences, contributing to clear and concise writing. In a bulleted list of accomplishments, the presence or absence of periods can subtly affect how the information is parsed. For example, “Led project team to successful completion” presents a distinct and complete thought. Adding a period further emphasizes this separation. Omitting periods can, in some cases, lead to a sense of incompleteness or run-on phrasing, especially when bullet points are complex or lengthy.
-
Visual Flow and Scannability
Consistent use of periods, or their omission, creates a predictable visual rhythm. This consistency aids recruiters in quickly scanning the document and absorbing key information. A resume with inconsistent punctuation can disrupt this flow and hinder quick comprehension. A uniform approach, whether with or without periods, contributes to a more professional and streamlined appearance.
-
Cognitive Load
The presence or absence of periods subtly influences the cognitive load required to process the information. While the impact may appear minimal on a sentence-by-sentence basis, the cumulative effect across an entire resume can influence the reader’s overall experience. A consistently punctuated resume can reduce cognitive load and improve comprehension, while inconsistent punctuation can demand more effort from the reader.
-
Perceived Professionalism
Consistent application of punctuation, even in short phrases within a resume, can signal attention to detail and professionalism. While some modern styles omit periods for a cleaner look, traditional grammar rules suggest their inclusion. Adhering to established conventions, whether opting for periods or a consistently period-less approach, demonstrates care and strengthens the overall presentation.
Therefore, careful consideration of readability and the impact of punctuation choices is essential. Whether one chooses to use periods or not, the key lies in establishing and maintaining consistency throughout the entire resume to maximize clarity and create a polished, professional impression.
2. Visual Appeal
Visual appeal plays a significant role in the effectiveness of a resume. A well-structured, visually balanced document enhances readability and leaves a positive impression on potential employers. The presence or absence of periods contributes to this visual appeal, influencing how the document is perceived and processed.
-
Whitespace and Balance
Periods, or their absence, affect the whitespace within a resume. Consistent punctuation can create a sense of visual balance and order, while inconsistent usage or excessive punctuation can make the document appear cluttered. Ample whitespace allows for easier scanning and comprehension, crucial for recruiters who quickly review numerous applications. A balanced layout with appropriate whitespace, influenced by punctuation choices, contributes to a professional and aesthetically pleasing presentation.
-
Modern vs. Traditional Aesthetics
Omitting periods can contribute to a more modern, streamlined aesthetic, aligning with current design trends that favor minimalism. Conversely, using periods adheres to traditional grammar conventions, which some employers may appreciate. The choice reflects a stylistic preference and can signal a candidate’s understanding of contemporary design or adherence to established norms. This decision should align with the overall tone and style of the resume and the target industry.
-
Emphasis and Hierarchy
Punctuation, including periods, subtly contributes to visual hierarchy within a resume. Consistent use of periods after headings or bullet points can visually separate information and create a clear structure. While periods may not drastically alter the visual hierarchy, consistent usage strengthens the overall organization and allows for clear differentiation of sections and key points. Thoughtful punctuation enhances readability and guides the reader’s eye through the document.
-
Consistency and Professionalism
Perhaps most importantly, consistent use of punctuation, whether including or omitting periods, projects professionalism and attention to detail. Inconsistency can create a sense of carelessness and detract from the overall presentation. While stylistic choices exist, maintaining uniformity throughout the document demonstrates diligence and strengthens the candidate’s image. A polished and consistent approach, even in seemingly minor details like punctuation, contributes significantly to a positive first impression.
In conclusion, the strategic use or omission of periods contributes significantly to a resume’s visual appeal. By considering the balance of whitespace, adhering to a chosen aesthetic, subtly influencing visual hierarchy, and maintaining consistency, applicants can create a visually appealing document that effectively communicates their qualifications and professionalism.
3. Modern Trends
Modern trends in resume writing lean towards a clean, minimalist aesthetic, often prioritizing brevity and visual impact. This trend influences punctuation choices, particularly the use of periods. Omitting periods is increasingly common, creating a less cluttered and more contemporary look. This shift aligns with the broader design trend of minimalism seen across digital platforms and print media. Many contemporary websites, applications, and marketing materials favor a visually streamlined approach, reducing extraneous elements for improved user experience. This preference for visual clarity extends to resumes, where concise presentation and impactful delivery of information are paramount. For example, a skills section might list “Project Management, Data Analysis, Communication” without periods, resulting in a cleaner, more modern appearance.
This trend reflects the evolving nature of communication in the digital age. Resumes are often viewed on screens, requiring quick comprehension and visual appeal. Recruiters, often overwhelmed with applications, appreciate concise and easily digestible information. The omission of periods contributes to this streamlined presentation, facilitating rapid scanning and assimilation of key qualifications. However, this trend does not negate the importance of grammatical accuracy. While periods may be omitted for stylistic reasons, proper sentence structure and clarity remain essential. The challenge lies in balancing modern aesthetics with grammatical correctness, creating a visually appealing resume that also effectively communicates professional qualifications.
Ultimately, aligning punctuation choices with modern trends can enhance a resume’s visual appeal and perceived modernity, potentially giving applicants an edge in a competitive job market. However, consistency remains crucial. Adopting a modern, period-less style requires careful attention to detail and consistent application throughout the document. Inconsistencies can detract from the intended modern aesthetic and create an impression of carelessness. Therefore, while embracing modern trends can be advantageous, it requires a thoughtful and consistent approach to maximize effectiveness and maintain professionalism.
4. Consistency is Key
Consistency in resume formatting, including punctuation, significantly impacts readability and professionalism. Whether one chooses to use periods after phrases or bullet points or omits them entirely, maintaining uniformity throughout the document is crucial. This principle applies to all aspects of formatting, from font choices and heading styles to spacing and punctuation. Inconsistency can create a disjointed and unprofessional impression, suggesting a lack of attention to detail. For instance, using periods after some bullet points but not others, or varying capitalization styles within headings, detracts from the overall polish and can signal carelessness. Conversely, a consistently formatted resume, even one that deviates from traditional punctuation norms, projects a sense of order and professionalism.
The practical significance of this principle lies in the recruiter’s experience. A consistently formatted resume allows for effortless scanning and comprehension, enabling recruiters to quickly identify key qualifications and experience. A disjointed or inconsistently formatted resume, however, can hinder readability and create a negative impression, potentially leading to the application being overlooked. Consider the difference between a resume with uniformly capitalized headings and consistent bullet point formatting versus one with haphazard capitalization and varying punctuation. The former presents a polished and professional image, while the latter appears disorganized and potentially reflects poorly on the candidate’s attention to detail.
In the context of punctuation specifically, the choice to use or omit periods is less critical than the consistent application of that choice. While some style guides may advocate for one approach over the other, the overarching principle remains consistency. A resume that consistently omits periods can still appear professional and modern, while one that inconsistently uses them can appear careless and detract from the candidate’s qualifications. Therefore, maintaining uniformity in punctuation, along with other formatting elements, is paramount for creating a strong and positive impression.
5. Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS)
Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS) play a significant role in modern recruitment processes. These systems scan and parse resumes, extracting key information and matching it against job requirements. The question of whether resumes need periods is often raised in the context of ATS compatibility. While some speculate that periods might hinder ATS functionality, this is largely a misconception. Most modern ATS are sophisticated enough to handle various punctuation styles, including the presence or absence of periods. The primary concern with ATS compatibility lies not in punctuation itself, but in the overall formatting and structure of the resume. Clear headings, consistent formatting, and the use of standard fonts are far more critical for ensuring the ATS can accurately interpret the information presented. For example, using uncommon symbols or excessively complex formatting can interfere with ATS parsing, regardless of whether periods are used.
The practical significance of this understanding lies in prioritizing content and structure over minute punctuation details when optimizing a resume for ATS. Focusing on clear and concise language, relevant keywords, and a logical structure will yield far greater benefits than agonizing over the presence or absence of periods. While consistent punctuation contributes to a polished appearance, it does not significantly impact ATS functionality. A well-structured resume with clear headings, quantifiable achievements, and relevant keywords will be effectively parsed by most ATS, regardless of punctuation choices. Conversely, a poorly formatted resume with inconsistent styles and irrelevant information may be misinterpretated by the ATS, hindering its chances of reaching a human recruiter, even if meticulously punctuated.
In summary, while consistent punctuation contributes to a professional presentation, its impact on ATS compatibility is minimal. Prioritizing clear, concise content, logical structure, and relevant keywords is far more crucial for successful ATS navigation. Focusing on these core elements ensures the resume is effectively parsed and accurately reflects the candidate’s qualifications, ultimately increasing the likelihood of securing an interview. The debate surrounding periods on resumes, therefore, should not overshadow the more critical aspects of resume optimization for ATS, namely content, structure, and keyword relevance.
6. Industry Standards
Industry standards regarding resume formatting and punctuation, including the use of periods, often reflect the prevailing norms and expectations within specific professional fields. While general guidelines exist, certain industries may exhibit preferences for traditional or modern approaches. Understanding these nuanced expectations can be advantageous when tailoring a resume for specific roles or sectors.
-
Conservative Industries
Traditional industries like law, finance, and government often adhere to more conservative conventions in resume formatting. In these sectors, the use of periods after bullet points and complete sentences is generally expected, reflecting a preference for formal communication styles. This adherence to traditional grammar and punctuation norms aligns with the overall professional image cultivated within these industries. For example, a legal resume might traditionally include periods after each accomplishment listed within the experience section, reflecting the emphasis on precision and attention to detail valued in the legal profession.
-
Creative Industries
Conversely, creative industries such as design, marketing, and advertising often favor a more modern and minimalist approach to resume design. Omitting periods after phrases and bullet points is more common in these fields, aligning with contemporary design trends that prioritize visual appeal and streamlined presentation. This stylistic choice reflects the emphasis on innovation and creativity often valued in these sectors. A graphic designer’s resume, for instance, might omit periods to maintain a clean and modern aesthetic, mirroring the visual sensibilities prevalent in the design field.
-
Technology Industries
The technology industry often embraces a streamlined and functional approach to resume formatting. While punctuation preferences can vary, clarity and conciseness are generally prioritized. The use or omission of periods is often less critical than the effective communication of technical skills and experience. For example, a software engineer’s resume might prioritize clear and concise descriptions of technical proficiencies over strict adherence to traditional punctuation rules. The focus remains on effectively conveying technical expertise rather than adhering to specific punctuation conventions.
-
Consulting Industries
Management consulting, a field known for its emphasis on structured communication and problem-solving, often favors a balanced approach. While clarity and conciseness are valued, resumes in this field generally adhere to professional norms in terms of grammar and punctuation. The use of periods is often expected, contributing to a polished and professional presentation. This reflects the importance of clear and structured communication in consulting, where precise and well-articulated recommendations are highly valued.
Understanding these industry-specific nuances allows applicants to tailor their resumes strategically, aligning their presentation style with the prevailing expectations of their target field. While consistency remains paramount, adapting punctuation choices to reflect industry norms can enhance the resume’s effectiveness and demonstrate an understanding of professional conventions. Researching specific companies and roles within the target industry can provide further insights into preferred formatting styles and inform punctuation choices, ultimately contributing to a more impactful and tailored application.
7. Personal Preference
While consistency and adherence to industry standards are paramount in resume formatting, personal preference plays a role in certain stylistic choices, including the use of periods. This element of personal expression, however, should be exercised judiciously and must not compromise the overall clarity and professionalism of the document. Understanding the interplay between personal preference and established conventions is essential for making informed decisions that align with individual style while maintaining professional standards.
-
Aesthetic Sensibilities
Individual aesthetic preferences influence design choices, and resume formatting is no exception. Some individuals may find the presence of periods visually appealing, contributing to a sense of formality and completeness. Others may prefer the cleaner, more modern aesthetic achieved by omitting periods. For example, an individual with a minimalist design sensibility might prefer a resume without periods, finding the cleaner lines and whitespace more visually appealing. However, this preference should be balanced against industry expectations and the need for consistency.
-
Comfort and Familiarity
Personal writing habits and familiarity with specific punctuation styles can influence preferences. Individuals accustomed to using periods in all forms of writing may find it more natural and comfortable to continue this practice in their resumes. Conversely, those accustomed to more informal communication styles might prefer omitting periods. For instance, an individual with a background in academic writing, where formal punctuation is typically expected, might be more inclined to use periods on their resume. However, adapting to industry-specific norms might be necessary, even if it deviates from personal comfort zones.
-
Perceived Modernity
Personal views on contemporary design trends can influence punctuation choices. Some individuals may associate the omission of periods with a more modern and forward-thinking approach, while others may view it as a deviation from established norms. An individual seeking to project a modern and innovative image might choose to omit periods, aligning with contemporary design aesthetics. However, this choice should be informed by the specific industry and target audience, as perceptions of modernity can vary.
-
Balancing Personal Preference with Professionalism
Ultimately, personal preferences should be balanced against the need for professionalism and adherence to industry standards. While personal expression can subtly enhance a resume, it must not compromise clarity or create a negative impression. For example, while an individual might prefer a highly stylized resume with unconventional formatting, this choice might be inappropriate for certain industries or roles where traditional presentations are expected. The key lies in finding a balance between personal expression and professional expectations, ensuring the resume effectively communicates qualifications and presents a polished and appropriate image.
In conclusion, personal preference can influence stylistic choices in resume formatting, including the use of periods. However, these preferences must be carefully considered in the context of industry standards, readability, and overall professionalism. The goal is to create a resume that effectively communicates qualifications and presents a polished image, balancing personal expression with the established conventions of professional communication. Prioritizing clarity, consistency, and a professional presentation will ultimately yield a more effective and impactful resume, regardless of individual punctuation preferences.
8. Grammar Guidelines
Grammar guidelines provide a framework for clear and effective communication, influencing various aspects of writing, including resume construction. While some flexibility exists in stylistic choices, understanding fundamental grammar principles is essential for creating a polished and professional resume. The question of whether resumes need periods falls within this purview, highlighting the interplay between grammatical conventions and stylistic preferences in professional document preparation.
-
Sentence Structure and Fragmentation
Grammatical rules dictate that complete sentences require a subject and a verb, concluding with terminal punctuation such as a period. Resume bullet points often consist of sentence fragments, intentionally omitting the subject for conciseness. This stylistic choice raises the question of whether periods are necessary in these fragmented phrases. While grammatically a period might be considered incorrect after a fragment, its inclusion can enhance visual clarity and separation between points. For example, “Led a team of five developers” is grammatically a fragment. Adding a period, while technically incorrect in traditional sentence structure, creates visual closure and distinction within a bulleted list.
-
Consistency of Punctuation
Grammar guidelines emphasize consistency in punctuation usage. Whether periods are used or omitted after bullet points, maintaining uniformity throughout the document is crucial for professionalism. Inconsistency can create a disjointed and unprofessional impression. For example, using periods after some bullet points but not others within the same section creates visual inconsistency and suggests a lack of attention to detail. While the choice to use or omit periods is stylistic, consistent application demonstrates care and professionalism.
-
Formal vs. Informal Language
Grammar guidelines distinguish between formal and informal language. Resumes, being professional documents, generally adhere to formal writing conventions. Traditionally, this includes the use of periods for sentence completion. However, contemporary trends in resume writing sometimes favor a less formal, more streamlined approach, often omitting periods for a cleaner aesthetic. The choice reflects a balance between traditional grammar rules and modern stylistic preferences. For instance, omitting periods in a skills section listing technical proficiencies might align with a more modern aesthetic while still maintaining clarity.
-
Clarity and Readability
The overarching goal of grammar is to ensure clear and effective communication. In the context of resumes, punctuation choices should prioritize readability and clarity. Whether periods enhance or hinder readability depends on the overall formatting and content of the resume. Consistent punctuation, or its consistent omission, can improve visual flow and facilitate quick comprehension. For example, consistently using periods after each concisely worded bullet point can improve scannability and allow recruiters to quickly grasp key achievements.
Understanding these grammatical considerations provides a framework for informed decision-making regarding punctuation choices on resumes. While stylistic preferences and industry trends influence the use or omission of periods, the overarching goal remains clear and effective communication. Balancing grammatical principles with modern design trends and personal preferences allows for the creation of a polished, professional resume that effectively communicates qualifications and experience.
9. Professionalism
Professionalism, in the context of resume writing, encompasses the meticulous attention to detail and adherence to conventions that create a polished and credible impression. The seemingly minor detail of whether to include periods on a resume plays a significant role in projecting this professionalism. While seemingly insignificant, punctuation choices contribute to the overall impression conveyed by the document, impacting perceptions of diligence, attention to detail, and adherence to professional norms.
-
Attention to Detail
Consistent application of punctuation, whether including or omitting periods, demonstrates a meticulous approach to document preparation. This attention to detail reflects favorably on the candidate, suggesting a similar diligence in their professional work. Conversely, inconsistent punctuation can signal carelessness and a lack of attention to detail, potentially undermining the candidate’s credibility. For example, a resume with consistent punctuation throughout demonstrates a commitment to accuracy, while one with erratic punctuation usage may raise concerns about the candidate’s thoroughness.
-
Adherence to Conventions
While modern trends often favor omitting periods for a cleaner aesthetic, traditional grammar rules generally dictate their use. Understanding and adhering to these conventions, or consciously choosing to deviate from them in a consistent and stylistically appropriate manner, demonstrates an awareness of professional norms. For instance, a resume in a conservative field like law might benefit from adhering to traditional punctuation rules, including the use of periods, to align with the industry’s expectations of formality. Conversely, a resume in a creative field might strategically omit periods for a more modern look, reflecting industry trends.
-
Visual Communication
Punctuation contributes to the visual presentation of a resume, impacting readability and overall aesthetic appeal. Consistent use of periods, or their consistent omission, can enhance visual flow and create a sense of order. Inconsistency, however, can disrupt this flow and create a less polished impression. A resume with balanced whitespace and consistent punctuation contributes to a professional and visually appealing presentation, facilitating quick comprehension and leaving a positive impression on the reader.
-
Credibility and Trust
A professionally presented resume fosters credibility and trust, essential elements in establishing a positive first impression with potential employers. Consistent formatting, including punctuation, contributes to this sense of professionalism and trustworthiness. A polished and well-structured resume suggests that the candidate takes their career seriously and presents themselves professionally, enhancing their perceived credibility and increasing the likelihood of being considered for the role.
In conclusion, the seemingly minor detail of punctuation, specifically the use or omission of periods on a resume, significantly impacts the perception of professionalism. Attention to detail, adherence to conventions, effective visual communication, and the cultivation of credibility all contribute to a polished and professional presentation. By carefully considering punctuation choices and maintaining consistency, candidates can enhance their resumes and create a positive first impression, ultimately increasing their chances of success in the job search process.
Frequently Asked Questions
This section addresses common queries regarding the use of periods on resumes, providing clarity and practical guidance for crafting a professional and effective document.
Question 1: Does omitting periods on a resume hinder applicant tracking system (ATS) compatibility?
No, the presence or absence of periods typically does not affect ATS functionality. Modern ATS are designed to parse various formatting styles. Content, keywords, and overall structure are far more critical for ATS compatibility.
Question 2: Is omitting periods considered grammatically incorrect on a resume?
While complete sentences technically require periods, resume bullet points often consist of concise phrases or fragments. In this context, omitting periods is a stylistic choice, not a grammatical error, particularly in contemporary resume styles.
Question 3: Does using periods make a resume appear outdated or unprofessional?
Not necessarily. Consistent use of periods can contribute to a polished and traditional look. However, omitting periods aligns with modern design trends favored in some industries. Consistency is key, regardless of the chosen style.
Question 4: Which industries typically prefer resumes with periods?
Conservative industries, such as law, finance, and government, often prefer traditional formatting, which includes periods. However, creative and technology sectors may favor a more modern, period-less style.
Question 5: How does punctuation choice impact the readability of a resume?
Consistent punctuation, whether present or absent, enhances readability by creating a predictable visual flow. Inconsistency, however, can hinder readability and appear unprofessional.
Question 6: What is the most important consideration regarding periods on a resume?
Consistency is paramount. Whether one chooses to use or omit periods, maintaining uniformity throughout the document is crucial for projecting professionalism and ensuring a polished presentation.
The key takeaway is that consistency in punctuation, regardless of personal preference, contributes significantly to a professional and well-structured resume. Focusing on clear communication, relevant content, and consistent formatting will always outweigh the importance of individual punctuation choices.
The following section will provide practical examples and templates to illustrate effective resume formatting with and without periods.
Optimizing Punctuation for Effective Resumes
These tips address punctuation optimization, focusing on the use of periods, to create impactful and professional resumes. Careful consideration of these guidelines ensures clear communication and a polished presentation, regardless of stylistic choices.
Tip 1: Prioritize Consistency Above All Else
Consistent punctuation usage, whether periods are included or omitted, is paramount. Inconsistent application appears unprofessional and potentially signals a lack of attention to detail. Establish a clear style and adhere to it throughout the entire document.
Tip 2: Tailor Punctuation Choices to Industry Norms
Research industry-specific expectations. Conservative fields often prefer traditional punctuation, including periods. Creative industries may favor a more modern, period-less style. Aligning punctuation choices with industry norms demonstrates awareness and professionalism.
Tip 3: Consider Readability and Visual Appeal
Punctuation choices impact readability. Consistent use of periods, or their omission, can create a predictable visual rhythm, aiding quick comprehension. Evaluate the impact on scannability and visual balance. Aim for a clean and uncluttered presentation.
Tip 4: Balance Modern Trends with Traditional Conventions
Omitting periods aligns with modern minimalist aesthetics. However, traditional grammar rules often dictate their use. Balance these considerations, prioritizing clarity and a professional image. The chosen style should reflect the target industry and role.
Tip 5: Focus on Content and Structure for ATS Compatibility
ATS functionality is largely unaffected by periods. Prioritize clear headings, consistent formatting, and relevant keywords for optimal ATS performance. Content and structure are far more critical than punctuation choices for ATS navigation.
Tip 6: Let Professionalism Guide Punctuation Decisions
Professionalism encompasses attention to detail and adherence to conventions. Punctuation choices, however minor they may seem, contribute to the overall impression of professionalism. Strive for a polished and consistent presentation that reflects diligence and attention to detail.
Tip 7: Use Examples and Templates as a Guide
Reviewing resume examples and templates can provide practical guidance on effective punctuation usage. Observe how periods are employed, or omitted, in professionally designed resumes within the target industry. This provides valuable insights and informs stylistic choices.
By carefully considering these tips, individuals can leverage punctuation strategically to create resumes that effectively communicate qualifications, demonstrate professionalism, and enhance their chances of securing interviews. The appropriate use of periods, or their omission, contributes to a polished and impactful presentation, ultimately strengthening the overall impression conveyed by the resume.
The following conclusion summarizes the key takeaways and provides actionable guidance for optimal resume punctuation.
Conclusion
This exploration of punctuation on resumes, specifically the use of periods, reveals that consistency is paramount. While stylistic preferences and industry norms influence the choice to include or omit periods, maintaining uniformity throughout the document is crucial for projecting professionalism. Readability, visual appeal, and adherence to grammatical conventions are key considerations. Balancing modern trends with traditional practices, while prioritizing clarity and conciseness, ensures a polished and effective presentation. ATS compatibility remains largely unaffected by periods; content, structure, and keywords are far more critical for successful ATS navigation. Ultimately, understanding the nuances of punctuation allows for informed decisions that enhance a resume’s impact and professionalism, regardless of individual stylistic preferences.
A well-crafted resume serves as a critical tool in the job search process. Strategic punctuation choices contribute to a polished and professional presentation, enhancing readability and conveying a meticulous attention to detail. By mastering these nuances, applicants can create resumes that effectively communicate their qualifications and experience, ultimately increasing their chances of securing desired career opportunities. The significance of proper punctuation, however subtle it may seem, should not be underestimated in the competitive landscape of modern job seeking.
